Above, 02 this ringed hill near SicaSica on the Bolivian altiplano appears to be remains of a hillfort and has the same ovaloid shape and distinctive shape as the hillfort at Chankillo in Peru and an identical length of about 990ft which is 900 Sumerian feet or 600 Sumerian cubits... also 180 double yards or 360 Sumerian yards

Above, ground view showing part of the outer wall.

Above, 105 d and e oblique view showing remains of concentric rings near Viacha, Bolivian Altiplano. - At first it is difficut to tell whether the rings are remains of concentric irrigation channels or defensive works such as hill forts. The ring in the foreground could have been irrigation canal or part of hillfort, but the concentric rings in the background site are more similar to those of a hill fort.

Above, 105e this set of concentric rings looks like it would have had a good capacity for retaining water but turned out to be concentric walled terraces.

Above, 105e walled concentric terrace/roadways at the Viacha hillfort known as "cerro Pukara".

Above, 105e the overall length of the site is about 1332ft which is 1200 Sumerian feet or 800 Sumerian cubits or 480 Sumerian yards and the the overall width is about 990ft which is 900 Sumerian feet or 600 Sumerian cubits or 360 Sumerian yards of 33.0".

Above, this site near the village of Chipaya can hardly be called a "hillfort" since it is in the middle of the vast Salar de Coipasa, yet it has similar characteristics to the "hillforts" of Chankillo and SicaSica, with the same ovaloid shape but is even larger being around 1762ft long which is 1600 Sumerian feet.

Above, the site near the village of Chipaya is surrounded by a ditch and embankment and occupied by a modern "breakaway" village of Chipaya people.

Lake Poopo area
17, Above, ringed hilltop on ridge south of Turco, considerable damage by earthquake seems to have hit the whole of this zone along the ridge.

17, Above, closer view of ringed hilltop south of Turco. The terraces on the surrounding hillsides have been obliterated.

17, Above, close-up suggests the rings are remains of concentric irrigation channels, but a visit on site showed only concentric level pathways faced on the outside with the remains of stone walls.

14 Above, oblique view of ringed hilltop at Turco.

20, Above, oblique view of ringed hilltop at Andamarca.

12, Above, ringed feature north-west of Lake Poopo. A site visit showed this to be a circular walled enclosure.

12. Above, ringed enclosure at Copacabanita. The area was covered in thousands of square or rectangular plots with these types of walls which are quite different to the retaining walls used in the construction of the concentric terraces surrounding many hilltops.

Above, ringed feature south of volcan Quemado.

Above, view from north-west showing rings of land and channels at Pampa Aullagas.

46 a, Above, ringed hilltop with considerable earthquake damage south-west of Oruro.

46 a, Above, another view of ringed hilltop with considerable earthquake damage south-west of Oruro.

46 a, Enlargement of better resolution image suggests these were originally concentric ringed irrigation canals or concentric terrace/roadways but later people have built enclosure walls alongside the original features..

46 b, Above, ringed hilltop with considerable earthquake damage south-west of Oruro.

46 c, Above, ringed hilltop with considerable earthquake damage south-west of Oruro.

49, Above, ringed hilltop at La Joya.

See Atlantis expedition La Paz Oruro 2011 for further photos.

   See also additional studies,
   hillforts    fossilised agriculture destroyed by earthquakes.
   agricultural variations on the Altiplano    geoforms   earthquakes
   contour forms/irrigation Peru   contourforms/irigation Bolivia    Bombo earthquake route    Bombo route oblique views