Above, suka kollus in region just north of Lake Titicaca.

Above, an example of the "suka kollus", raised fields surrounded by water channels.

Above, suka kollus. Where some of the old sukka kollus were revived by prof Alan Kolata and Oswaldo Rivera, production of crops was greatly increased due to the influence of the water channels raising the local temperature also preventing destruction by frost.

Above, close-spaced parallel canals, now disused.

Above, some parallel canals, now disused, in the region south-west of Lake Titicaca. See Canals Peru page

 
Above, left, disused canal and right, canals reused today by the local people.

Above, the two horizontal parallel canals are 1 x furlong or 660 feet or about 200 metres apart and they form plots of 200 x 250 metres or 400 x 500 Sumerian cubits. Dating is important to establish which unit of measurement was originally used, see below.

Above, an underlaying system of canals forms a chequerboard pattern with squares of 600 sumerian cubits or 300 metres.

Above, the underlaying canals form blocks of 600 Sumerian cubits or 300 metres. It can be seen on this photo where older canals have been redug in modern times. The metre was adopted by the French academy of Sciences for universal use in 1793, so if these canals are more recent than 1793, or are modern, they could have been set out in metres, however if they are pre-Columbian then they are probably set out in "Sumerian" cubits of 19.8" whilst if they date from after the time of the Spanish Conquest they could still be in "Sumerian" units such as cubits and furlongs since these were also brought over by the Spanish as the old Spanish vara was in fact the "Sumerian" yard of 33.0". Each block is 600 Sumerian cubits or 360 Sumerian yards square.

Above, close-up oblique view ringed hilltop near Viacha, La Paz zone.